Woman's+Day

//Mimosa, Italian symbol of the International Women's Day //
====//The International Women's Day, commonly known as Women's Day, occurs on 8 March each year to commemorate the achievements and social, political and economic conditions of women, both discrimination and violence they are yet declared in many parts of the world. //==== ====//﻿ // ====


====﻿//In VII Congress of the Second Socialist International, held in Stuttgart 18 to 24 August 1907, attended by 884 delegates from 25 nations - including the largest socialist leaders of the time, as the Germans Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin, August Bebel, Lenin and Martov the Russians, the French Jean Jaurès - were discussed thesis on what attitude to take in the event of a European war on colonianismo and also on women's issues and demands of the vote to women.// ==== ====//On this argument, Congress passed a resolution in which they undertook the socialist parties to "fight vigorously for the introduction of universal suffrage of women," without "an alliance with the bourgeois feminists who claim the right of suffrage, but with the parties Socialists fight for the suffrage of women. " Two days later, on August 26 to 27, was held an international conference of socialist women, attended by 58 delegates from 13 countries in which it was decided the creation of an Information Office of Socialist Women: Clara Zetkin was elected secretary and drawn from her journal, Die Gleichheit (Equality), became the organ of the International Socialist Women.// ==== ====//Not everyone shared in the decision to rule out any alliance with the "bourgeois feminists": the United States, the Socialist Corinne Brown wrote in February 1908 in the journal The Socialist Woman, that Congress would not have had "no right to dictate to the socialist women how and with whom to work for their liberation. " It was the same Corinne Brown to chair, May 3, 1908, because the absence of the official designated in the conference held every Sunday from the Socialist Party in the Garrick Theater in Chicago: the conference, to which all women were invited, was called "Woman's Day, the day of the woman. In fact, there was discussion of the operational exploitation by employers against women workers in terms of low wages and hours of labor, gender discrimination and voting rights to women.// ==== ====//That initiative did not follow immediately, but at the end of the American Socialist Party urged all local branches' to reserve the last Sunday in February 1909 for organizing a demonstration in favor of women voting " . So it was that the United States and the first official Women's Day was celebrated on February 28, 1909.// ==== =//﻿The Copenhagen Conference (1910) // = =//﻿ // =

//Aleksandra Kollontaj//
===// The long strike that saw more than 20,000 seamstress in New York, which lasted from 22 November 1908 to 15 February 1909, was seen in Woman's Day held in New York next February 27th as an event that joined the union's demands with those policies the recognition of women's right to vote. The American Socialist delegation, strong affirmation of the now-established Women's Day event, so they decided to propose to the second International Conference of Socialist Women, held in Folkets Hus (House of the People) in Copenhagen, 26 to 27 August 1910 - two days before the opening of the eighth Congress of the Socialist International - to establish a common day dedicated to the vindication of the rights of women. //=== ===// The agendas of the session and in resolutions passed in that conference does not appear that the present 100 women representing 17 countries have set up a day dedicated to women's rights: it is, however, in Die Gleichheit, written by Clara Zetkin, a motion for the establishment of the International Women's Day was "was taken as a resolution." //=== ===// While the U.S. continues to be held the last Sunday of February, in some European countries - Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Denmark - International Women's Day was held for the first time March 19, 1911 on the choice of the International Secretariat Socialist Women. According to the testimony of Aleksandra Kollontaj, that date was chosen because in Germany, "March 19, 1848 during the revolution, the King of Prussia for the first time to recognize the power of a people in arms and surrender before the threat of a proletarian revolt. Among the many promises made that and then forgot, included the recognition of the right of women to vote. " In France, the event was held March 18, 1911, when it fell on the fortieth anniversary of the Paris Commune. //=== ===// But it was not repeated every year, or celebrated in all countries was held in Russia for the first time in St. Petersburg in 1913, 3 March, at the initiative of the Bolshevik Party, with a rally in the stock market Kalašaikovskij, and was interrupted by the Tsarist police, who worked numerous arrests. In Germany, after the celebration of 1911, was repeated for the first time on 8 March 1914, a day of "Red Week" proclaimed by the upheavals of German socialists, while in France held a conference organized by the Socialist Party March 9, 1914 in Paris. //=== =  //** On 8 March 1917 **//   =

====<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; vertical-align: top;">//The celebrations were interrupted by World War in all the belligerent countries, while in St. Petersburg, 8 March 1917 - February 23 according to the Julian calendar then in force in Russia - the women of the capital led a large demonstration which demanded the end of war: the sluggish reaction of the Cossacks sent to quell the protest, encouraged further protests that led to the collapse of Tsarism, now completely discredited and even without the support of the armed forces, so that the 8 March 1917 has remained in history to indicate the beginning of the "Russian Revolution of February." For this reason, and to fix a common day for all countries, 14 June 1921 the Second international conference of Communist women, held in Moscow a week before the opening of the Third Congress of the Communist set at 8 March, the "International Day of the worker."// ==== ====<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; vertical-align: top;">//In Italy, the International Women's Day was held for the first time only in 1922 on the initiative of the Communist Party of Italy, who wanted to celebrate March 12 as the first Sunday after the now fateful March 8. In those days it was founded the biweekly magazine Company, which reported on 1 March 1925 an article by Lenin, who died the previous year, recalled that on 8 March as International Women's Day, which had taken an active part in social struggles and in the overthrow of Tsarism.// ==== ====<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; vertical-align: top;">//The strong political connotation of the International Women's Day, the political isolation of Russia and the communist movement and, finally, the events of World War II, contributed to the loss of historical memory of the real origins of the event. So after the war began to circulate fanciful versions, according to which the March 8 would remember the deaths of hundreds of workers in the fire in a non-existent or Cottons Cotton shirt factory in 1908 in New York, probably by confusion with a tragedy actually occurred in that city March 25, 1911, the Triangle factory fire, which killed 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women from Europe. Other versions cited the violent police repression of a textile workers union alleged event took place in New York in 1857, while others reported that strikes or accidents that occurred in Chicago, Boston or New York.// ==== ====<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; vertical-align: top;">//Despite the research carried out by different feminists in the late 70s and 80s have shown the error of these reconstructions, the same is still widespread among the mass media in the propaganda of the unions.// ==== ==== //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">__Feminist Event__ ////<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In September 1944 the UDI was formed in Rome, the Union of Italian Women, on the initiative of women in the CP, the Socialist Party, the Action Party, the Left and the Christian Democrats and Labour was to take the UDI ' initiative to celebrate the March 8, 1945, the first day of women in the zones of freedom, while in London was approved and sent to the UN Charter for women which demands equal rights and working conditions. By the end of the war, March 8, 1946 was celebrated throughout Italy and saw the first appearance of its symbol, the mimosa, which blooms in its first days of March, according to an idea of Teresa Noce, [8] Rita Montagnana and Teresa Mattei [9]. In the fifties, the years of the Cold War and the Ministry Scelba, distribute or disseminate that day mimosa We women, the monthly magazine of the Union of Italian Women (UDI), was an act "likely to disturb public order", while keeping a banquet in the street became "illegal occupation of public land." [10] In 1959 the Parliamentary Pina Palumbo, Giuliana Nenni Luisa Balboni and presented a bill to make International Women's Day a national holiday, but the initiative fell on deaf ears. The political climate improved in the following decade, but the applicant still did not get the public hearing until, with the seventies, there appeared a new phenomenon in Italy: the feminist movement. // ====

=  Biography   = = <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">//Early Daughter of Alexander and Renilde Montessori Stoppani and nephew of the abbot Antonio Stoppani (geologist, naturalist, patriot and author of the highly successful The Beautiful Country), was born in a house at number 10 from Piazza Mazzini at Clairvaux. We have very little information on growth and development of Montessori. The only information we receive from the father through the writings made by him. He was born in Ferrara, he studied to become a concept used in salt production. In the seventies, is sent to Clairvaux for control work. It is here he meets his wife, originally from Monte San Vito, where his father owned some land. As the father also has a certain Rinilde a Catholic and a sympathy for the ideals of the Risorgimento. In February of 1873 Alexander was transferred to Florence where he stayed with his family for two years. A few years later he moved, with his family in Rome, recently became the capital and Maria will be enrolled in the preparatory school city of Rio bridge. Since small Mary will prove a Peperina. Their primary education will not be very bright because of health problems and a long rubella. He studied piano and French, it will leave soon. At the age of 11 begins to learn some studies. Passion is the youth drama. Excellent in Italian there are gaps in grammar and mathematics. In February 1884 he opened a government school in Rome feminine "Directed Technical School. Maria is among the top ten pupils and graduated with 137/160 (Today Technical Institute "Leonardo Da Vinci", via the Annibaldi, its foundation was part of the plan of post-school policy unitary).//   Choice and university career.    <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">  =  //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">From the earliest years of study expresses interest in science subjects, especially mathematics and biology, a circumstance that will cause conflict with parents, who wanted to start a career as a teacher. In an interview in the same Montessori in New York appeared on the "Globe" reported that they had to ask for help from Pope Leo XIII for his entry to the faculty as hampered by the Minister Baccelli. He enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine, University "La Sapienza" choice that will bring it to become one of the first women to graduate in medicine (in 1896) after the unification of Italy. Maria moves with passion and approach to research in the laboratory. In addition to courses in bacteriology and microscopy follows the course of experimental engineering. Well studied pediatrics at Children's Hospital ', diseases of women in the departments of San Giovanni in Laterano, and the men in the Holy Spirit Stones (two hospitals still active). Maria is a very capable student, so that will win a prize of a thousand pounds by the Foundation Rolli for a job in general pathology. In 1895 Maria won a place of "added medicine to hospitals with the right to enter the Society Lancisiana reserved for doctors and professors of the hospitals of Rome. His resume is in excellent health, psychiatry, pediatrics and materials that will underpin its future choices. In the years preceding his graduation study commitments is increasingly oriented toward experimental research in laboratory and observation in the halls of the asylum of the hospital of Santa Maria della Pieta 'of Monte Mario. During the preparation of his thesis he attended classes taught by Professor of Anthropology human Giuseppe Sergi. The thesis will discuss on July 10, 1896 on a trial is almost a hundred handwritten pages that carry the title "CLINICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF CONTENTS Antagonist hallucinations" . // <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">

Books, lectures, tours, courses
== <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">//In 1933 Mary and her son Mario Montessori decided to resign to the National Opera, which in practice will be permanently closed by fascism in 1936, together with the School of method acting in Rome since 1928. Because of the now irreconcilable conflict with the fascist regime was forced to leave Italy in 1934. So continue his travels in various countries to spread their educational theory. He went to India during the Second World War, where he continues to spread his pedagogical work, before returning to Europe in 1946. Wherever it is accepted with honors. On his return to Italy, in 1947, is primarily concerned with rebuilding the National Opera of which are assigned virtually the same tasks under the Statute of 1924, whose implementation and development of which was also aided by the presence of 'Life' childhood "that inspired and led to the birth. With the impetus given to her by Maria and Salvatore Valitutti Jervolino, the Opera Montessori was able to resume and develop their purpose enhancing the educational principles of the founder and spreading knowledge and the implementation of the method. Because of a severe financial and organizational management he was commissioner until 1986, when it is completely healed, recovered his own physiognomy office that still characterizes it. Maria Montessori died May 6, 1952 in the town of Noordwijk in Holland where he had established.  There is a very vast and bibliography Montessori. Nevertheless, Italy still are not translated into some classic works on the biography scholar .//  == World Illiteracy //In "World Illiteracy" Maria Montessori supports the absolute importance of addressing the phenomenon of illiteracy: the talk without knowing how to read and write is tantamount to being completely cut off from any relationship between ordinary people find themselves living in a state of impairment language that precludes the social relations and that this makes the illiterate an 'extra-social ". "The person who speaks, for dispelling the atmosphere of articulate sounds is not enough. That the word must become permanent, to solidify the objects, you play with the cars, travel through the media, to collect the thoughts of people far and may therefore perpetuate in order to fix ideas with each passing generation. [...] So it is that in the absence of written language, a man stands outside of society. " The word must be combined with another skill that complements the natural language by adding another form of expression, or writing. Montessori said that the power of the alphabet, the most important achievements for all humanity, not simply to understand the written word in their direction, but is to give new character to the language of doubling it. The mastery of the alphabet rich man, extends his natural powers of expression, making them permanent, forward them in time and space, allows him to apply to humanity and to future generations. Building on the experience with the Montessori Children sets out the principles for building a practical method, adapted and suited to different conditions, to teach reading and writing for adults. The first and crucial phase of the Montessori method, both with adults than with children, is to recognize and discover the sounds of their language and combine them to sign the corresponding alphabetical. In this way the visual medium is a stimulus that helps to analyze the sounds of words. The writing does not repeat that very few symbols in different combinations and just this knowledge, discovery and evidence given by the infinite possibilities of communication possible with the few letters of the alphabet, will arouse an interest which is essential for learning to write the spring. Exercises, tools and techniques, designed and reasons for sequential stages of learning, are therefore proposed in a report which focuses on the educational experience and the autonomy of the student.

"... The language is there in every man. Illiterates possess it, take it with them. So wake it up, make it conscious owners, indicate that it is within their mind that one must have recourse to use it. This is an attempt to renew the stagnant inertia intelligence, and this is necessary because we have to move again, and go to the actual conquest of the print world, where you can collect your thoughts and warnings of other men. "//

Awards
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">//Maria Montessori was the first and only Italian woman who was given a note: During the nineties, Maria Montessori was pictured on the 1,000-lire bill by replacing Italian Marco Polo, until Italy adopted the euro. The original photo from which the engraver took inspiration from Bergamo is the photographer Sandro Da King Maria Montessori The picture has an eye to the right, in the notes to the left. This is because the engraver drew the picture as he saw it, which led to the inverted printing the watermark. During the "Montessori Centenary Conference" ("Before the children's home") was issued a commemorative stamp. The Dutch airline KLM has spent the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 PH-KCB. She was mostly a 42 km crater on Venus// <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Oscar Wilde : The history of women is the story of the worst form of tyranny the world has known: that of the strong dominating the weak. It is the only tyranny that resists the world.//



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